美国高校社会服务工作对我国高校草坪科学学科建设的启示

除了教学和科研工作外,大部分美国高校对农业类学科包括草坪学科的专业师资在职责要求方面还有重要的一项-"Extension",即社会服务。社会服务的工作量因人而异,但总体来看基本都做到了"分配到人";除了专业教师,学校对于学生也要求或鼓励其参与各类校内外拓展活动。这与我国高校教师社会服务(或专业拓展)工作,以及基于此提出的"产学研"等类似的工作模式都有较大不同。草坪科学是一门新兴的学科,应用性较强,知识生产和知识创新都离不开实践。因此从学术驱动的内因和大学的价值来讲,大学的社会服务工作是极其重要的。本文简略介绍美国高校草坪科学教师的社会服务工作情况,希望能够对我国的草坪科学学科建设以及师资组建和培养提供参考。     

基于Simulink的液压系统建模与仿真

针对农业机械中液压系统结构复杂、研发周期长等问题,通过分析农业机械中液压回路各个组成元件特性,基于Simulink构建元件动态数学模型。对液压回路进行研究,分析了液压回路在不同元件参数下的动态性能,为优化液压回路系统提供参考。     

Soil available potassium affected by rice straw incorporation and potassium fertilizer application under a rice–oilseed rape rotation system

Data from 147 field trials were collected to study the influence of straw incorporation on soil potassium (K) under an intensive rice–oilseed rape rotation system, while pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of rice straw incorporation on soil K availability. A significant correlation was observed between the soil available K and the relative yield (RRY) and the relative K uptake (RKU) of oilseed rape, with R² values ranging from 0.07 to 0.08 and from 0.10 to 0.11, respectively, when data were fitted to a logarithmic equation model. In approximately 30% of trials, RRY reached 90%, while soil test available K values were below the critical limit, indicating that soil K values at the time of sampling (within 1 week of rice harvest) underestimated the actual soil K supply capacity. The pot experiment results showed that soil available K was affected by straw incorporation and soil type in the fallow period. The NH₄OAc‐K and NaBPh₄‐K concentrations of soils increased at first, and then, plateaued after 28 days. Straw incorporation significantly influenced the critical soil K concentration, which is important for making accurate K fertilizer recommendation. These results suggested that straw K should be seriously considered in making K fertilizer recommendations. Extending the sampling time from 1 to 3 weeks after the harvesting of rice to stabilize the effects of straw incorporation may help achieve a more accurate evaluation of soil available K.     

Regional distribution of wheat yield and chemical fertilizer requirements in China

Quantification of currently attainable yield and fertilizer requirements can provide detailed information for assessing the food supply capacity and offer data support for agricultural decision-making. Datasets from a total of 5 408 field experiments were collected from 2000 to 2015 across the major wheat production regions in China to analyze the spatial distribution of wheat yield, the soil nutrient supply capacity(represented by relative yield, defined as the ratio of the yield under the omission of one of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) to the yield under the full NPK fertilizer application), and N, P and K fertilizer requirements by combining the kriging interpolation method with the Nutrient Expert Decision Support System for Wheat. The results indicated that the average attainable yield was 6.4 t ha~(-1), with a coefficient of variation(CV) of 24.9% across all sites. The yields in North-central China(NCC) and the northern part of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLYR) were generally higher than 7 t ha~(-1), whereas the yields in Southwest China(SWC), Northeast China(NEC), and the eastern part of Northwest China(NWC) were usually less than 6 t ha~(-1). The precentage of area having a relative yield above 0.70, 0.85, and 0.85 for N, P, and K fertilizers accounted for 52.3, 74.7, and 95.9%, respectively. Variation existed in N, P, and K fertilizer requirements, with a CV of 24.8, 23.9, and 29.9%, respectively, across all sites. More fertilizer was needed in NCC and the northern part of the MLYR than in other regions. The average fertilizer requirement was 162, 72, and 57 kg ha~(-1) for N, P_2O_5, and K_2O fertilizers, respectively, across all sites. The incorporation of the spatial variation of attainable yield and fertilizer requirements into wheat production practices would benefit sustainable wheat production and environmental safety.     

武夷茶品牌评价指标体系构建探析

【目的/意义】在当今武夷岩茶市场竞争纷繁复杂,甚至乱象频出的情况下,品牌评价已经成为治理武夷岩茶价格乱象和促使企业良性竞争与规范发展的一个重要手段。文章通过探讨建立科学、有效的武夷茶品牌评价指标体系为岩茶市场的治理和岩茶品牌的塑造提供帮助。【方法/过程】文章通过借鉴品牌资产五星概念模型的5个维度,分析武夷岩茶产业特有的市场经济情况,并在此基础上选取了兼顾利益相关者、市场以及中间层面的品牌评价指标作为研究内容构建武夷茶品牌评价指标体系。【结果/结论】从茶品牌显著度、茶品牌功效、茶品牌联想度、茶品牌忠诚度、茶品牌企业企业社会贡献度5个方面提出武夷茶品牌评价指标体系,并构建指标体系层次结构图。通过反映武夷岩茶品牌价值评价的构成因子,为评价武夷岩茶的品牌价值并为武夷岩茶品牌今后的发展战略提供全新的视野。     

Weed community responses to soil type during transition to no-till practice on smallholder farms in Zimbabwe

Understanding drivers of weed density and diversity is essential for the development of weed management strategies. Here, we compared temporal changes in weed density and diversity under no-till (NT) and conventional (CONV) tillage systems in cotton–maize rotations on loam, clay loam and sandy loam soils immediately after transition to NT in Kadoma, Zimbabwe. The effect of tillage system on weed density varied through the growth season and was dependent upon soil type and species composition of the weed community. Although weed responses to tillage system varied amongst species, we identified general trend effects on weed density on specific soils. At 3 weeks after crop emergence (WACE), weed density on loam soils was 76% and 96% higher in NT than in CONV during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons, respectively, and on clay loam soils it was 37% and 33% higher in NT than CONV, respectively. Weed densities in NT and CONV were similar across all soil types at 6 WACE during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons and at 9 WACE in 2009/2010. Tillage system did not affect weed density during the growth season on sandy loam soils. Weed diversity (Shannon index) was at least 75% higher in NT than CONV on loam and clay loam soils at 3 WACE during both seasons. It is likely these increases in weed densities following conversion to NT will exacerbate already prevalent weed management problems in the smallholder sector. Earlier weeding is recommended to suppress weed emergence and reduce likely associated crop yield losses.     

黑豆—油菜与大豆—油菜轮作模式土壤镉修复能力比较

通过设置黑豆-油菜、大豆-油菜的轮作模式在湖南醴陵进行大田试验,结果发现黑豆表现出较强的镉富集能力,其根、茎、叶及果壳中镉含量分别为2.14、2.63、4.10及1.34 mg/kg,富集系数均在1以上。油菜各个部位镉含量较高的分别为叶与茎,达到了7.13和4.73 mg/kg。黑豆各部位镉转运系数均高于大豆,各油料作物提取的重金属主要集中在茎与叶。大豆叶的镉富集系数为2.06,茎的镉富集系数为0.86,明显低于黑豆同部位的富集能力。每公顷土地经过一轮黑豆-油菜、大豆-油菜轮作分别能够从土壤中提取73.52 g和51.68 g的镉,对土壤重金属镉的修复效率约为3%。     

基于现代学徒制的畜牧兽医人才工匠精神培育研究

现代学徒制背景下培育学生工匠精神,是高职院校培养符合企业需求高水平高素质技术技能型人才的重要方法。文章从现代学徒制背景下工匠精神内涵、工匠精神价值及培育工匠精神的路径等方面,探究现代学徒制视域下畜牧兽医专业群学生工匠精神培育的重要性。